Tightwad tip- eat more cabbage

We're big on eating mainly seasonal produce. It just makes sense: it's healthier, cheaper and has less of an environmental impact. However, when I tell people about this, the main response is that they don't really have an issue with eating summer produce, but don't really like eating cabbage all the time. Now we don't eat cabbage all the time during the winter (other local in season produce includes turnips, fennel, parsnips, chard, carrots, etc), but it is something we do eat a lot. Cabbage is very nutritious- it belongs to the cruciferous vegetables, and is often referred to as a superfood. The word 'superfoods' might turn some people off, because of its price and the fad around them, but the great thing is- this particular superfood is super affordable! I know that fresh produce is expensive and makes up the bulk of the grocery costs of many people these days, so it's actually nice to know there are options that are a bit more affordable and just as healthy. 

When it comes to taste, it really is a matter of preference obviously.  We do like cabbage, but to each their own. I can't say that cabbage is my absolute favourite vegetable of all though, but it does rank quite high on my list. I like that it's just so so versatile so there's probably always a way in which people that don't prefer cabbage still like it. You can: ferment, fry, steam, stuff, bake, boil (and probably a lot of other things...) this lovely vegetable. And it's even nice for making winter salads. I find it hard to think of a dish to which you can't add some sort of cabbage. It can bulk up meals very nicely. That's how I use it a lot: as a "filler" for meals that lack enough vegetables. 

Even though most in season produce here is quite affordable, the thing is that most vegetables are sold by the weight (per kg). Some other vegetables, such as carrots and turnips are being sold in bunches. At times, you can get big bunches, and there are times the bunches are as tiny as three not very big turnips, which obviously make them more expensive. The thing with cabbage is that they usually aren't sold by the weight, but per piece, which typically make them even more affordable than other in season produce. Also, unlike most vegetables, cabbage is kind of 'what you see is what you get': there's no need to peel anything, nor does it shrink. And cutting cabbage is done in a few minutes, unlike some other vegetables, which comes in handy for those days when you're short on time. 

So, all in all, I believe that eating cabbage is a really is a good strategy when wanting or needing to cut back on groceries. 

Making something out of nothing

As we're reaching the end of the month, it seems like most people's budgets are getting tighter. Perhaps it's coincidence, but when I'm on YouTube, I always get a lot more "extreme/emergency grocery haul" content, so I thought about doing the same. 

We ourselves have been in the situation where we had to stretch every €, and even then we're not certain about making it through the month. We used every tin of food to the last drop, had very simple meals (porridge for dinner was quite the norm towards the end of the month!), our sandwiches were certainly "creative" (i'm looking for the right word I guess... and the generic brand of simple cookies or chocolate were such a treat. We were blessed to never go hungry, even though finances were so tight, but it took a lot of work and creativity. It truly could feel like a sport to make something out of nothing. 

And that was pre inflation! I can imagine the stress so many people go through right now. A grocery haul that used to cost €100, has now doubled in price. So naturally, almost everyone is trying to stretch their budget as fat as possible. And that usually means that as the month lasts, the money is getting tighter, and the food is certainly getting more "creative". And for a lot of people it's not just to cut down on takeout coffee, or to wait for next month to buy that treat you were craving. For a lot of people, tough decisions must be made: to buy the kids some fruit or to have an occasional meat this week. To buy new sport shoes for your child because they're beyond repair or to skip breakfast yourself. And you're too embarrassed to borrow money from your neighbours yet again... As I said, I'm fortunate enough to not be in that situation anymore, although finances are getting tighter with the increasing prices which does stress me out honestly. It's just that I do know what it's like to have to make tough decisions, so hopefully I can give some tips here for those that are struggling. 

Using up odds and ends- this can mean everything from using up that last bit of ketchup on a slice of bread (which tastes surprisingly good, my children still love ketchup sandwiches!), to combining various leftovers and turning them into a meal - some of our favourite dishes were invented this way. Don't be afraid of "weird" combinations. Search your kitchen cupboards, you might find some half empty packages that need to be rescued from being wasted. Have breakfast for dinner more often! Especially if you have kids, it will probably be a big hit. I remember how excited I got about eating pancakes for dinner. Little did I know that my mum made this when she was struggling towards the end of the month! Reconsider the items you think you need- are they really an essential, or just a nice extra? And if you're like me, and you're saving way too many one person's sized meal portions in the freezer, this is the right time to thaw them. 

Try to find cheaper substitutes- a bit of your own creativity and a lot of Mr. Google go a long way. You might know of some substitutes already, such as lentils or beans instead of meat. But I bet not everyone knows how to substitute butter for oil, like I do in many baking recipes (it's 3/4 cup of oil for every cup of butter, to be precisely). Or that you can easily make your own oat milk for pennies if you've ran out of milk or if you find oat milk expensive. I know, I might know a bit more tips and tricks than the "average" frugal person, but that's exactly why I'm suggesting to just Google anything. It really does help a lot. This is why internet is essential to me and it was even more so during our poor period. Even when it did cost a bit, that was totally worth it, since I've saved hundreds if not thousands by just paying monthly for my pretty basic (and cheapest) internet connection. It definitely paid off with all the frugality tips I found over the years. 

Struggle meals - this is probably an unofficial word but I've seen it for some time now in the frugal bloggers/vloggers atmosphere. A struggle meal is just that: meals to eat when you're struggling. It doesn't sound fun but some struggle meals are surprisingly good. One of my favourite meals are "rice and beans" with its numerous varieties (couscous and lentils, pasta and chickpeas, or even lentil soup and bread). Nourishing, comforting and cheap at the same time! What's not to like? Other struggle meals may include various pasta dishes, mostly vegetarian obviously because meat is expensive, or porridge. I think every family has their own "struggle meal". We have quite a few dirt cheap dishes that we repeat often, but since we eat them just because we enjoy them, it doesn't quite feel as a struggle meal. I honestly think that's the trick: you can serve insanely cheap meals but as long as they don't feel cheap it makes the struggle somewhat less. You can achieve that by serving it in a nice way, adding as much as fancy seasonings you have on hand, and variety (if possible). You may have some other tips on making struggle meals feel a but less "struggle-ish". If you're looking for other's people's struggle meals, you might be interested to look up great depression recipes, when people made nice meals with very few and with beyond frugal ingredients. It's basically just struggle meals buy from an certain era. For people that aren't really familiar with struggle meals, it's probably an eye opener that you van still make relatively healthy meals on a tight budget. Sure, Mac 'n cheese is nice every so often, but even on a very tight budget you can cook foods that are as affordable and healthier. 

Don't be afraid to ask- OK, I know this is a tough one. Especially for people that rather give than take. Been there, done that. But you can't always be the giver, we sometimes are just on the receiving end too. And remember, the people that are willing to help you have as much as a giving heart too, so don't deprive them from giving too. Keep in mind that giving doesn't always have to be money wise; even if you're broke you can help out others babysitting their children, help paint a wall or deep clean/declutter their homes, etc. Or just to keep company, perhaps there are others that are feeling lonely and are craving human contact. Being broke doesn't mean you can't help people. 

Tightwad tip - single bananas

Today's tightwad tip is a bit on an unusual, as we're not necessarily saving a lot of money, but you're still doing the environment a favour. 

Ever seen very sad, lonely bananas waiting for someone to grab them? That's probably a familiar sight in a lot of supermarkets. Most people will buy bunches of bananas, as those look more appealing, plus some people might think that those keep well longe. But did you know that I general, those single bananas are thrown away at the end of the day? That's indeed very sad. Whenever we see single bananas, we tend to buy those so that we'll avoid food waste. Wasting food isn't just what families throw away in their homes- the supermarket contribute a lot to food waste, too. Even though I don't think that as a costumer that's my responsibility, but sometimes it's just a very small thing we can do. After all, less food waste (and thus less environmental damage as a result of that) will benefit all of us. 

If you're lucky and your supermarket has a reduced rack, you can do that too! Unfortunately, they don't really do that here, so that's not an option. 

Fast food vs real food, which is cheaper?

We've been told a lot of lies by the food industry. One of my biggest pet peeve is the claim that fast food is cheaper than real food. It's probably one of the biggest food myths out there, but somehow people keep believing it wholeheartedly. And I don't think it's to fraud themselves, it's just that the food industry's propaganda machine is really working. 

First of all, let's define fast food. I'm not necessarily talking about the literal meaning - grabbing an apple from your counter could be faster than driving to your nearby McDonald's restaurant. I think we all know what's meant by fast food. But just for clarifications sake, when I (or most people) think fast food, we think of not so nutrient dense meals, coming from factories or fast food style restaurant, highly processed at least. And usually not very expensive, which is why people get attracted to those foods. 

Secondly; it might be interesting to look at some reasons why people buy fast food. Some may like the taste, but for the majority, it probably has to do with a lack of time or not a very big budget. 

What I find quite interesting is that looking at the poor people from the past (and no, i'm not necessarily talking about centuries ago), they all cooked from scratch. Eating out was considered a rich person's hobby, and absolutely unaffordable for poor people. And not just the past- it's still like this in most parts of the world; where we live, eating out or having a takeaway isn't the norm, even for people that are financially well off. And not only that; people were very resourceful and great at not throwing away anything, stretching whatever they had to feed as much people as possible. It sure might have been nice for that exhausted homemaker living in poverty to have had the ability to have a takeaway, but when everybody's living like that, it's just your normal. So, despite limited resources, people still put a lot of love and effort in making simple yet wonderful meals- and above all, used their creativity! It's amazing how much that has changed over just a few decades. 

When it comes to time, I get that people that are working multiple jobs and come home exhausted late at night don't have energy to cook. Still, there's solutions to (almost) every problem, including this one. Why not do one from scratch cooking marathon on a day you're not working and freeze all those meals? Or just buy canned vegetables or frozen vegetables, which are usually just as nutritious, but it's still saving you some time. Eggs are also fast to prepare, as is boiling some rice or pasta. A sandwich can be whipped up in a few minutes and can be made as healthy as you like. And these days, with all our technology, we can use crock pots (some people put them on right before they go to work), or they do some meal prep in advance and they throw those ingredients in a pressure cooker once they've arrived home. Others might throw some "homemade fast food" together of items that are considered convenience foods, but still are healthier than what most fast foods restaurants would sell (for example: some tinned vegetables, instant mashed potatoes and something quick as a protein on the side). 

There's so many options!

But now, when it comes to money- which are actually cheaper? Is fast food really that cheap? It probably depends on where you buy your food and to which restaurants you go to. Some restaurants may have an "happy hour" with reduced prices, or some small convenience stores in food deserts will have higher prices. I'm not really up to date with most prices in the US (I'm talking about the US specifically since that's where the fast foods are so prevalent and more of an issue than in other countries), but I'm sure that cooking healthy, homemade foods from cheap ingredients still is much cheaper than fast foods or even convenience foods such as frozen dinners. It's just that it takes a bit more effort and adjustment, but once you're used to cooking from scratch, you'll probably don't want to go back and you're not really into that greasy, MSG-ish fast food taste anymore. 

Remember that you don't have to buy meat or fish products all the time, as those are quite expensive. Or even the more expensive vegetables... For example, now that it's winter, we have plenty of cheap vegetables in season, such as different kinds of cabbage, turnips, chard, carrots, pumpkins... Those are all so cheap and very versatile. In fact, I'd find it hard to mention a dish in which one of those vegetables don't fit. When it comes to starches- just find the ones that are most affordable for you. For us, it's bread, pasta and couscous. Potatoes, barley, and rice are more expensive but can still be made into a healthy frugal meal, especially when you keep it vegetarian. I like to have lunch with leftover pasta or some fried potatoes, an egg and some vegetables on the side- nothing special but still a nice and filling meal. On the days when we don't have meat (those days outnumber the days that we do have meat), we either have legumes such as lentils, chickpeas or white beans, or I make an egg based meal. Yup, no eggs for breakfast here 🙂 Same goes for breakfast foods. Just keep it simple, don't set very high goals- that way you'll burn out and are tempted to get a takeaway.

Not that there's anything wrong with a takeaway every so often; we just shouldn't make it a frequent habit. I could go on but I think you're getting the idea of trying to make meals stretch as much as possible, prepping ahead and thinking of cheaper ingredients. While fast food may seem cheap, when keeping our health in mind it's not quite that cheap at all. 

No wasted milk - and turning muffin batter into pancake batter

The other day, my husband did an attempt to make buttermilk for my mother in law. The thing is, it just didn't settle. It was probably the chilly living room temperature (despite the jug with milk being covered in a thick blanket). Or he didn't use the right amount of yogurt. Whatever it was, we were left with one litre of milk- not tasting good enough to drink as is, nor suitable to use as buttermilk. So I figured it would be best to use for baking. Most baking recipes are very forging when it comes to the milk you're using- I've used spoiled milk, plant "milk" (such as rice/oats), very watered down milk, watered down yogurt or even whey. So I knew it was possible to use this failed buttermilk for baking. 

Baking pancakes was a no brainer, but I already made quite a large batch of pancakes that I froze to have a quick breakfast. And we had waffles two days ago. So I thought it would be better to make something different. Muffins it was- the children are always happy to have a nice after school snack anyway. I usually use white flour when baking muffins but I was in for something more adventurous today and decided to use a mix of white flour, whole wheat flour and oat flour. I used half of the milk but there was some batter left over, since I didn't have enough muffin molds. So I added more milk and flour mixture to bake another batch of "muffins", in a cake pan. Sometimes you just need to be creative, right?

And then, there was *still* some batter left- I was afraid the cake would rise too high and I'd end up with a messy oven if I'd add all of the batter into the cake pan. So, I used my trick to turn muffin batter into pancake batter, by adding around 1/2 cup of flour and as much liquid as needed. This is because muffin batter contains slightly more baking powder than pancake batter. And there I was left with some more pancakes anyway! Which is OK, I'll just have some pancakes for lunch today, and possibly some more for tomorrow's breakfast, and the rest can be frozen. 

See, this is how many low waste/frugal people live their lives: they're led by whatever needs to be rescued, rather than sticking to a certain plan. I'm sure it's more convenient to just toss that nearly-spoiled milk out and follow whatever meal plan you already made, but for me it's become such a habit, it doesn't even feel like a hassle. 

Tightwad tip: ditch the teabag

I'm a tea drinker. I absolutely hate coffee, no matter how it's made (trust me, I've tried so many forms of coffee over the years), but tea it is for me. Like most people, especially in Europe, using tea bags was just a given. Tea comes from a bag, it's that simple. Or is it? 

It might be the usual way for tea to be sold in Europe, but that's not to say it's like that everywhere in the world. Here in Tunisia, they do sell tea bags, but they're 1) outrageously priced, and 2) less tasty. One box of tea bags costs the same as 3 bags of loose leaf tea. Only that loose leaf tea contains much more - making it nearly 6 times as expensive! The other day I read an article on Sri Lankan and Indian tea, and how they usually use "rejected" tea (which isn't suitable for exporting to countries where they generally drink loose leaf tea) for tea bags. That does explain why the tea from tea bags here don't taste nearly as good as the bags of loose leaf tea. 

And then there's the issue of environmental impact. I really don't like unnecessary packaging. Each tea bags box has a plastic wrap covering the box, then each tea bag is in a small paper wrapper, and to top it off, there's the tea bag itself. That's a whole lot of packaging! Compared to just one bag of 200 grams of loose leaf tea- I don't need scientific studies on which one is worse for the environment. But packaging isn't the only reason. Apparently, even though tea bags are meant to be paper bags, they still contain microplastics. Do I really want microplastics in my cup of tea? Yikes! 

Yes, I know a tea bag is apparently more convenient, but it's really a matter of adjustment. For me, using a small tea sieve is just as convenient as putting that bag in a mug. It may be a few extra seconds of work, but that's fine - I'm a slow living advocate anyway. I've probably saved hundreds of €€ already by just switching to loose leaf tea, and I'm protecting myself from getting even more unnecessary microplastics. 

Bone broth times two

Meat is very expensive where we live. We don't have meat daily, especially red meat, which is more like an occasional treat rather than a daily necessity for us. So when we do have meat, I want to take advantage of it to the fullest. Part of that includes making bone broth. Not only is it a very tasty drink, it's also very nutritious, and a great way to flavour up many otherwise meatless dishes. I rather don't think of all those years of bones being thrown out when I didn't know there was such a thing as saving bones to make broth... But then again, it's just a learning experience. And perhaps I can inspire someone wherever they might live, who doesn't have a clue about what to do with bones to start making their own broth. Isn't that the fun thing of blogging? 🙂

So in June we butchered a lamb, and it wasn't until past Sunday that I used up the very last bag of lamb meat. I already made bone broth with around half of the bones a few months ago, but there still was a bag of bones in the freezer, waiting to be used. Everytime I wanted to make broth there was something that came up, and since it's supposed to be on the stove for hours there obviously has to be someone present in the house all day. It also has to be good weather- not terribly cold so that my north African tiled cuisine walls won't fog up too much, and preferably not even windy, so I can open a windows during the process. Yes, I'm a bit demanding I guess! 😉

But on Monday, I figured it was the perfect day to do some bone broth making - perfect weather circumstances, and not a lot of other food prep planned (or it wouldn't fit on the hob). You essentially don't have to do a lot - apart from being there, just in case. So that day the entire house smelled lovely. My children would disagree, but I absolutely love the smell of lamb broth. Most people when making bone broth apparently leave it to simmer for 24 hours, but that doesn't seem possible for me, so I put the heat off when I went to bed. Since it's quite a large pot and steaming hot, I just left it to cool down overnight. The next morning, when I came in the kitchen it was still a bit warm. So I just strained it (because of the seasonings I added) and transferred most of the broth into bottles to freeze for later use. I also kept some in the fridge to use right away. For some reason, it feels very reassuring to have those bottles there in the freezer - always being able to make a nice pot of soup out of that lovely broth! 

But here's where it's getting a bit extra frugal . After straining the broth, I put the bones back into the put, added seasonings again, filled the pot with water and there I had yet another day of making bone broth! Yes, apparently those bones can be reused. I found this out not that long ago and I knew I had to try it. This was actually Mt 2nd time of reusing the bones, and both times the 2nd batch of broth came out fine, albeit a bit less strong, but still good enough worth all the hours of simmering that broth. Perhaps it could be used a 3rd time even. That's what others tried with beef bones anyway, but I figured that since beef bones are obviously much bigger than lamb bones, it wouldn't be worth the effort and will come out too watered down, so I think for the time being I'm just sticking with only reusing the bones once. 

So that was a bit about making bone broth - why I do it, and how I make it extra frugal. Today, I'll be cooking up a pot of rice for my family, using the "2nd batch" of broth. And I'll enjoy a nice mug of broth for lunch. 

Egg replacements

We've probably read or heard all about the egg shortages in the US lately- that is, if some of us aren't affected directly by the shortages. While we don't live in the US, nor do we eat US imported eggs (as far as I know anyhow), eggs still aren't quite as cheap as they once were, so it definitely won't hurt to reconsider the amount of eggs we consume. 

Since we don't have egg shortages (unlike the other products that we have shortages of, which I blogged about a while ago), we don't strictly have to ration them. But I still like to save money whenever we can, and if that's by replacing one more expensive ingredient by a cheaper ingredient, that's good! And frugality aside, there are other circumstances in which eggless options become an necessity. Think of allergies and ethical/religious dietary requirements. If you're not allergic or being religious forbidden from eating eggs but you're in company of people that are, it's still nice if you can all enjoy the same meal. That's what I would feel like anyhow- being the one with a "special" meal will make me feel left out,  but perhaps that's just a remnant of my childhood trauma when I was always the only vegetarian among the meat eaters 🙂

Enough said... let's talk egg replacements. Since there are quite a lot, I'll just go through my list! 

Banana (mashed)/applesauce: this is great for baked goods such as (pan)cakes, muffins etc. 

Sweetened condensed milk: also used for making baked goods. I remember using them to make brownies and wasn't disappointed at all! 

Corn starch: haven't used it enough honestly, but I do know that they make great French toast. In fact, I actually prefer French toast made with cornstarch now over the variety that includes eggs - even if eggs were free, I'd probably still be using corn starch! I have read (but not tried out myself) that cornstarch is also very suitable to make pancakes, muffins etc. 

Gram flour/chickpea flour: this is whet it gets a bit different. While chickpea flour is a great egg replacement, it certainly has to be used with caution as it does, obviously, have a strong chickpea flavour, which won't always taste great in sweet baked goods (unless you bake Tunisian ghorayba 7oms, or chickpea flour cookies 😉 but that's for another post!). Still, in a lot of savoury dishes, chickpea flour is a very good option. Or when you want scrambled eggs minus the eggs! If you do like the texture of chickpea flour but you're not a huge fan of the taste, you can always opt for other legume based flours, such as soy or lentil flour. I once got a bag of soy flour from a friend that she wasn't using (yes, my friends know I waste nothing, lol) and it tasted quite neutral. 

Speaking of chickpeas- chickpea aquafaba is also a terrific egg replacement that can be used in many ways, I once posted a mayonnaise recipe that uses aquafaba instead of egg. Other people even make meringue with aquafaba instead of eggs, but I'm yet to try that out. Btw, make sure it's chickpea aquafaba and not another kind of bean/pulse water. Chickpea water is really the best to use. 

Flax seeds: flax seeds are very versatile. I mostly use them in my yogurt for breakfast, but I've also used them as an egg replacement. It's usually 1 teaspoon + some water to replace one egg. To get the best result, it's best to use broken seeds, but I just grind up whole seeds in my small coffee grinder, which works perfectly. Apparently, chia seeds function the same as flax seeds, but I'm not a chia seed fan so haven't tried that myself. 

Tofu: if you don't really like the chickpea-y flavour, you still can make scrambled "egg" by using tofu. 

Cream/milk: when you neef an egg specifically for an egg wash for your bread, cream or even milk seem to work as a decent replacement. I've heard that some people have even used pasta water... Not sure how great it would work, so iv you're trying it, do so at your own risk. 

Mayonnaise: apparently this works in savoury dishes such as casseroles as well as certain baked goods as cake, but don't hold me accountable as I've only vaguely remember once using mayonnaise for these purposes 

No eggs at all: you may find yourself in the situation with no eggs and no egg replacements, or just can't be bothered to use any substitutes. The good news is that in many cases you can just leave out the eggs altogether. I've made eggless cakes, pancakes, muffins, and cookies... sometimes you need to alter the recipe a bit, or switch to another recipe but it can be possible. 

On repeat: some cheap ingredient replacements

With food prices going through the roof, everyone is experiencing major or minor food budget changes. I think we all can agree on cutting corners when it comes to replacing more expensive ingredients. Since it's been quite a while since I blogged about this, I thought it would be a good idea to share some ingredient replacements that can make your meal just a bit more frugal. These swaps aren't necessarily even always because of money, at times you just might not have an exact ingredient on hand, which saves you from that grocery run for one single item. 

Proteins: you can replace the more expensive cuts of meat for the cheaper ones, or even replace red meat by white meat. For example, use turkey mince instead of beef mince. Most legumes can also be used interchangeably- brown lentils and green lentils, for example. Split peas instead of red and yellow lentils. Cheaper white fish instead of the more expensive ones. I've found that tinned sardines can be a decent replacement of tinned tuna, depending on the recipe. 

Dairy: use milk instead of cream, or make a bechamel sauce using flour, milk and butter of oil. Greek yogurt- if you need it but only have plain yogurt on hand, just strain the yogurt and don't throw out the whey (I once did a post on what to do with whey: https://aglimpseofmykitchen.blogspot.com/2022/01/uses-for-whey.html?m=1). If you do have Greek yogurt you could use this like crème fraîche. They have the same consistency but just differ in the fat percentage. When it comes to milk, I've found that it's replaceable with water in some baked goods. I usually make biscuits with water instead of milk, and when a cake calls for milk I might use water instead if we don't have milk on hand. Making your own oat milk or rice is also an option. I would not suggest to drink it as is, although it's good as an ingredient or even if you want to make hot chocolate. 

Eggs: depending on the recipe, I use different kinds of egg replacements: cornstarch (for making French toast), ground flax seeds (in cakes and cookies), chickpea flour in certain savoury dishes. Applesauce and banana can be used as egg substitutes as well. Sometimes you can just leave out the eggs, like when you're making pancakes. I haven't really noticed a big difference. We try to substitute eggs whenever possible since they've gotten so expensive. That being said, we still enjoy eating eggs as is, either fried or boiled. Since we don't eat meat that much, it's one of our meat substitutes and that way we're still saving money, because eating eggs is cheaper than eating meat (unless you eat four eggs per person or so... But that's not the case) 

Flour: corn meal and semolina have more or less the same texture, even if they differ in taste. Therefore these can be used interchangeably in a lot of recipes. Self rising flour is one of the most pointless ingredients to buy (in my humble opinion); you can easily replace it by flour + baking powder, whereas you can't the other way around- imagine needing flour and having just self rising flour on hand. So I would suggest to always buy flour and baking powder as separate ingredients. Also, whole wheat flour can be substituted by many other whole flours; rye, barley, spelt etc. They all have a different taste and texture, but if that's all you have on hand it's doable. Also gluten free flours such as oat flour, buckwheat flour and sorghum flour can be used when making cookies (not recommendable for breads, as bread needs gluten to rise). 

Fruits: most dried fruits can be used interchangeably in baked goods. Fresh fruits, too, depending on the kind can be used interchangeably. Think of pears instead of apples, different kinds of berries, peaches instead of apricots. 

Vegetables: the same goes for vegetables. I personally just like to use whatever I have on hand, so let's say, whenever I want to make stir fry, I'll just use what's in the fridge. The same goes for many other recipes. There are of course certain vegetables that go good together or can be substitute each other; such as turnips and potatoes, sweet potato and pumpkin, courgette and aubergine (they certainly are different but especially in casseroles or stews, both taste just as good in my opinion). Speaking of courgette, even cooked cucumbers are a decent replacement for them, whether you believe me or not! Of course, various leafy greens can be used interchangeably- yes, this includes lettuce. I've also found that equal amounts of carrots and potatoes can substitute pumpkin puree. Green bell peppers instead of yellow, different kinds of cabbage, etc. Vegetables are so versatile and you really don't need to stick to one certain one if the recipe book says so. Even if you're eating a vegetable as is, when you're eating it as a side. Why not replace that awfully expensive asparagus by roasted pumpkin or broccoli? Yes, the taste may be different but you've reached your goal- to have a vegetable with your meal. 

Starches: use barley, buckwheat or bulgur instead of rice- or the other way around. Orzo can be used instead of rice too. Different pasta shapes (ditali instead of elbow macaroni etc, linguine instead of spaghetti). Yes, I am aware of the fact that pasta shapes do matter, but if that one shape is all you have, and you can only stretch your budget so much- you just make do. I sometimes find myself having many small remants of various pasta shapes and if I have enough of them, I combine them all in one dish, which I call 'mixed pastas' (sometimes you just have to come up with fancy names for stingy things, right?) and the children absolutely love it! Italian and Asian pasta/noodles can be used interchangeably. In fact, sometimes linguine and Asian style noodles are the very same product, made in the same factory, just with a different package. Same with bread - just use what you have. A sandwich can be made in about every shape of bread- baguette, flatbread, pita, etc. You don't necessarily have to use "sandwich bread". 

Fats: butter can be substituted by other animal fats such as tallow or even rendered chicken fat, or even coconut oil. When baking cookies/cakes, each cup (226 grams) of butter can be substituted for 3/4 cup (180 mililiters) of whichever oil you prefer. Most neutral tasting oils can be used interchangeably (sunflower, soy, canola, corn, and peanut oil, etc). Butter can be substituted by margarine, especially when making not-so-healthy baked goods and you're clearly not using the butter for its health benefits. 

Nuts: I was a bit hesitant to include these, as they're already expensive in and of itself, and it's not necessarily something everyone on a tight budget could afford. I'm including it anyway. You can use most nuts interchangeably, even if the taste might differ. Or you can peanuts instead of nuts, which again will affect the taste, but not in a bothersome way. The same goes for nut butters. You can replace nuts by seeds as well, such ad sunflower seeds. 

I think that was enough for now. 

You don't always have to exactly use what you want. This makes cooking so much more fun (AND frugal, obviously!). I think that knowing how to substitute ingredients is an important part of knowing how to cook, it truly is such an underrated skill. I can't recall how often people asked me about certain ingredient substitutes, assuming that I could help them. And yes, in most instances I was able to help them. This isn't rocket science- it's just reading and especially trying out a lot. Just put that fear aside and try. Some of these tips may be money saving, but even without being on a budget, you'll likely find yourself in a situation in which you'll need this. 

Apple sheet cake

We had a bunch of apples that were gifted to us and that no one really wanted to eat as is, because they were soft and had spots. There were quite a few, and since I didn't want to waste them, I decided it was best to make a treat out of them. Was in the mood for baking anyway, and this way we didn't have to waste the apples. We love apple pie, but I figured that the apples we had that I wanted to use weren't quite enough for that- plus, butter is so expensive here. So I opted for a cheaper treat, an apple sheet cake with crumble topping. The recipe I kind of made up myself - I know, I know, some people say that baking is all about precision, but somehow, my inventions never really seem to fail! So I decided to take the risk. And I'm glad I did take the risk because everyone loved it. The thing is though, with these kind of baking recipes, I hardly ever remember how I exactly made them. So when I make them a next time they might come out quite differently 🥲 Which is why I immediately wrote down the approximate quantities so I could make this exact cake again. 

For the dough, I used: 

1 3/4 cups oatmeal 

1 cup ground oatmeal 

2.5 cups white flour 

4 teaspoons baking powder 

1 cup of sugar 

2 teaspoons cinnamon 

2 eggs 

1.5 cup butter, melted (I used margarine 🤫)

Combine all the dry ingredients and then mix in the liquid ingredients. If it's a bit too dry, add some liquid, either milk or water. If it's too sticky, add some more flour or oatmeal. Now spread out the dough in the pan of your choice - I used a rectangular one which is used to make lasagna etc. Not sure what the exact measurements are. I didn't use all of the dough, around 1/4 or 1/5 was left, which I used for the crumble topping. 

Then peel, core and slice around 5-6 big apples, divide these slices over the dough. 

Now make your crumble topping. If you're like me and you've got a bit of cookie dough left over, then divide that into smaller chunks, so that it will mix easier into the crumbs mixture. Melt another half a cup of butter - or a bit more. Then add half a cup of sugar, half a cup of white flour and half a cup of oats. Mix this with the tops of your fingers until a crumbly consistency forms. If it's not yet crumbly, add some more flour, or oats, or both. If it's too dry add some butter - doesn't have to be melted, soft butter will do, too. Then spread this as evenly as possible on the apple slices. 

I baked this for about one hour on 180° c, which is 356° f. 

Some notes: 

This is a very adaptable recipe. You can add anything you'd like to add more flavour; raisins or other dried fruits, nuts, etc. We don't like raisins in sweet baked goods so I left them out. Or just use different fruits altogether. 

I call this a sheet cake which is the literal translation of what we call 'plaatkoek' in Dutch. A plaatkoek is a bit in between a large cookie and a cake, so don't expect it to be very fluffy. 

This can be freezable, although it certainly wasn't enough for all of us to have that much leftovers 🤭

Use whatever flour you'd like - I just used what I had on hand. However, I wouldn't leave out the oats, as they give this cake so much flavour and a nice texture. 

Tightwad tip: making your own laundry detergent

For as long as I can remember, the recipe of homemade laundry detergent is circulating around the blogosphere - the frugal blogospgere that is. Some people add a bit more ingredients, such as washing soda or borax, or both, while others prefer to keep it as plain as possible. No matter how you make it, it's going to save you LOTS of money. I did some math, and compared to the cheapest powdered detergent I can find here (bought in bulk which is cheaper than the smaller packages), using a frugal dose, my homemade detergent is still five times (!) as cheap, per load, compared to the cheapest powdered store bought detergent. That doesn't seem to be a lot, but small things add up - especially when you do several loads a week. If I'd compare it to the more expensive name brand detergents such as Ariel or Tide, it's an even bigger saving. 

I've been making this on and off for years - at times I switched back to store bought detergent, only to realise that those store bought detergents don't really work better than the homemade ones. The big companies have done their utmost best to make us customers believe that store bought detergent cleans much better. And not only that - they also make us believe that you really need to have something scented, otherwise it's "not clean". I've been making this detergent again for a while, and now that I'm back to making it, I don't get why I sometimes did switch to the store bought stuff. Probably because of the scent, despite the scent usually being gone when completely dried. Apparently the pro-scent marketing worked for me too, despite me being sensitive to most scents! But not anymore. Clean is clean, even if it's smells of "nothing" (and line dried laundry always smells fresh already!). I read that weaning yourself off of scented detergents to gradually make the shift to scentless ones, is like weaning yourself off of food with artificial flavours. It sometimes just takes some time. And I think that's a rather good comparison. In a few weeks, you're so used to it that the smell of store bought detergent is just overwhelming. If our grandmothers could just use soap for cleaning clothes, and didn't miss a scent, so can we. It takes some adjustment because we're so used to all the chemicals and scents- something our ancestors didn't have to worry about. 

I remember the hard financial times we went through, and making my own detergent was just a life saver, as we were already very penny pinching but still couldn't get by. At least our clothes could be washed for almost nothing! We had the assurance to have clean clothes and that we still could afford simple foods instead of having to borrow money for food because there wasn't any money left after having to buy detergent (I've heard that way too often!). Last year, I bought a 10 KG bulk sack of powdered detergent and was shocked that the price had more than doubled in a year. We don't go through an insane amount of detergent, but why paying a high price for something that isn't even food? Heck, it's even bad for our health - despite it not being that heavily scented, I still get respiratory issues of it, not to mention that most detergents (except the very expensive green ones) itch on our skins. The environmental impact of homemade detergent is obviously not as much compared to store bought, as it contains less harsh chemicals, doesn't come in much packaging and doesn't need a car to for transportation- as detergents usually come in heavy packages. So a in all these are all good reasons, in my opinion, for making detergent. 

No more talking, here's how I make it. You'll need: 

A bar of soap of approximately 80 gram (I've never really measured it, one gram more or less doesn't really matter), whatever brand or kind you prefer

5 liters of water 

Grate the bar of soap and dissolve in a litre of hot water- just stirr it until it's all melted, usually it reaches a boiling point by then. While I'm stirring I have another pot on the hob with 1.5 litre water that I want to reach a boiling point. If it boils, just combine the hot soapy water with the hot plain water in a bucket that's big enough and add another 2.5 litre water, just cold tap water. Make sure to rinse the pot in which you were stirring the soap with hot water as there are usually remnants there. Cover it with a lid and let it sit for a day - I usually make it in the morning and won't come back to it the next day's morning, which means I let it sit for around 24 hours. You could probably also wait a little bit less. If using soap that is palm oil or tallow based, the soap will likely thicken. It's a bit difficult to handle as it's quite lobed, so you need to stirr it with a whisk (or use an immersion blender). I usually kind of knead it with my hands. And then I transfer it to an old 5 L jug (a one that had washing up liquid in it). If using olive oil based soap your detergent probably won't thicken and stay liquid, but that won't make any difference in terms of cleaning. 

Just a few notes: some people add more ingredients such as washing soda of borax. I can't find either of them here, so I just only use soap, and although I did add washing soda when I made this when living in the Netherlands, I haven't noticed a difference with or without it anyway. But if you prefer using washing soda, you can totally use it. Just make sure to add the exact same weight of that. So when using 80 grams of soap for instance, you'll need 80 grams of washing soda as well, which you'll add after the grated soap has melted. With borax I don't have any experience. There's also powdered detergent recipes out there, which I'm yet to try, and they all use a bit of different ingredients (some use washing soda, some both washing soda and bicarbonate of soda, some even use plain salt, etc). My mother in law is an old fashioned woman who always used soap instead of harsh chemicals, and didn't even bother to make a "detergent" out of it. She always rubbed some fabric with soap, an old sock for example, and then put that in her semi automatic washing machine.  So if you're too lazy to grate, that is even an option too 😉